Biological mechanism & effect of RF (Radio Frequency Radiation)

The page presents studies on the damage mechanisms of radio frequency radiation, showing biological effects even at levels that do not cause heating: blood-brain barrier disruption and nerve cell damage in the brains of rats (Salford, 2003), DNA breaks (Lai, 1996), formation of free radicals and disruption of communication within the cell (Seger and Friedman, 2007), damage through the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels (Pall, 2013), changes in brain glucose metabolism from mobile phone exposure (Volkow, 2011), similar findings with a 4G phone (Chinese team, 2014), tumor promotion in mice at exposure below the standards (Lerchl, 2015), cognitive impairment, increased stress hormone and DNA damage from chronic low-level exposure (Indian team, 2015), damage to the myelin sheath and hyperactivity in mice (Korean team, 2017), heating of sweat ducts in the skin at very high frequencies (Feldman and Ben-Ishai, 2015), a variety of mechanisms through which radiation affects animals (Henshaw and Philips, 2024), changes in the direction and speed of white blood cells at very low strength (Aly et al., 2008), and the combination of a carrier wave, modulated information and pulsing as the unique cause of the effects of man-made radio frequency radiation (Panagopoulos et al., 2025).

Table of Contents press here to show

בצד שמאל מוח שלא נחשף לקרינה. בצד ימין מוח שנחשף לקרינה, הנקודות החומות מציינות דליפה ומשקעים של דם שחדר אל המוח מכלי הדם.

DNA brakes - Henry Lai and Dr Narendra -1996

More studies

The list above is just the tip of the iceberg. Please see more biological mechanisms & effects of RF at:

My Assessment of the Link Between the Damage Mechanisms and the Symptoms of People Harmed by and Sensitive to Radiation

Below is my assessment of the link between the damage mechanisms shown in the studies and the symptoms of people harmed by and sensitive to radiation, including ways to ease and perhaps repair them.

Studies # in the table above	Mechanisem	Symtoms	Fix, ease, improve, and relieve (These are my personal assessment and not medical advice)
1	Blood-brain barrier disruption after exposure to radio frequency radiation	Headaches during exposure (pressing), headaches after exposure (dull), slow and cumulative brain damage.	Reducing exposure, especially to the head, and taking dietary supplements such as GABA and alpha-lipoic acid.
2	DNA breaks after exposure to radio frequency radiation	Chronic fatigue, reduced immune system function, and in the long term, cancer.	Reducing exposure and taking dietary supplements and antioxidants. Vitamin C in particular helped me.
3, 4	Formation of free radicals and disruption of cell communication systems from exposure to radio frequency radiation; health effects of radio frequency radiation through the activation of VGCC	Chronic fatigue, reduced cell effectiveness, reduced immune function.	Reducing exposure and taking dietary supplements and antioxidants. Vitamin C in particular helped me
5,6	Radio frequency radiation (CDMA) changes activity patterns in the human brain; radio frequency radiation (LTE) changes activity patterns in the human brain	A slight “high” when using mobile and wireless devices, due to increased glucose consumption in the brain. This may also have a chemical effect on addiction. In the long term, there may be a link to attention and concentration disorders, cognitive problems and more, due to the load on the brain.	Reducing use and exposure.
7	Exposure to radio frequency radiation promotes cancerous tumors	More cancerous tumors among heavy mobile phone users, as seen in the Interphone studies and other studies.	Reducing use and exposure.
8	Cognitive impairment, increased stress hormones, and DNA damage from chronic exposure to radio frequency radiation	Increase in attention and concentration disorders, memory problems, cognitive impairment, chronic exhaustion and more.	Reducing use and exposure.
10	Potential harm from radio frequency radiation at very high frequencies (5G frequencies)	Sensations of heat on the skin during exposure.	Reducing exposure, personal shielding.
12	Radio frequency radiation changed the direction and speed of white blood cells	Reduced immune system effectiveness	Reducing exposure and taking dietary supplements that support the immune system.

List of Studies

Blood-brain barrier:

Blood-brain barrier disruption after exposure to radio frequency radiation – Salford, 2003 – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241519/pdf/ehp0111-000881.pdf
Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345073
Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: molecular mechanism for cancer- and blood-brain barrier-related effects
Exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields activates the mkp-1/ERK pathway and causes blood-brain barrier damage and cognitive impairment in rats
Effects of GSM modulated radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation on permeability of blood-brain barrier in male & female rats – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26723545

DNA damage:

DNA breaks after exposure to radio frequency radiation – https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14573695_Single-_and_double-strand_DNA_breaks_in_rat_brain_cells_after_acute_exposure_to_radiofrequency_electromagnetic_radiation
DNA acts as an antenna for electromagnetic fields – USA, 2011 – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21457072
The NTP study publication includes evidence of DNA damage – USA, 2018 – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31633839
Exposure to low frequency magnetic fields caused DNA breaks – Austria, 2002 – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12160887
Cognitive impairment, increased stress hormone and DNA damage from chronic exposure to radio frequency radiation – India, 2015 – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25749756
Using a GSM phone for 15 and 30 minutes causes DNA breaks in human hair root cells – https://www.norad4u.co.il/knowledge-h/goog_109213130
The effect of laptops on human sperm – DNA breaks after exposure to radio frequency radiation – http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(11)02678-1/abstract
Damage and DNA breaks in mice irradiated at WiFi frequencies – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334843
WiFi radiation harms reproductive organs, especially in adolescents – DNA breaks were observed – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22465825
Mobile phone radiation caused DNA damage in hair cells of the inner ear (more damage in the user groups, with a dose-response relationship) – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29667447
More free radicals and DNA damage in people living less than 80 meters from mobile phone antennas, compared with 300 meters – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28777669
Exposing worms to high levels of radio frequency radiation caused the production of stress hormones and DNA damage – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28665795
Exposure to radio frequency radiation caused DNA damage and cell changes in the testes of mice – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27738269
More DNA damage and oxidative stress in the brains of mice exposed to 2100 MHz radiation – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26775761
DNA damage in the testes of mice after long-term exposure to 2400 MHz radio frequency radiation – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26775760
Low levels of radio frequency radiation caused oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and DNA damage in the brains of mice – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26511840

Free radicals and oxidative stress:

Formation of free radicals and disruption of cell communication systems from exposure to radio frequency radiation – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17456048
Chronic exposure to radio frequency radiation causes oxidative stress – Ukraine, 2014 – http://www.scopemed.org/fulltextpdf.php?mno=154583
More free radicals in the saliva of mobile phone users – Israel, 2012 – http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ars.2012.4751
The effect of exposure to electromagnetic fields on antioxidants in the immune system – Turkey, 2017 – https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213879X17300731
Exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields led to a chronic presence of free radicals – Germany, 2004 – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15352165
Prof. Rony Seger’s study, Weizmann Institute, 2017 – the effect of magnetic fields from 1.5 milligauss on living cells – https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/481977

Other mechanisms:

Health effects of radio frequency radiation through the activation of VGCC – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3780531/
Radio frequency radiation (CDMA) changes activity patterns in the human brain – http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=645813
Radio frequency radiation (LTE) changes activity patterns in the human brain – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24012322
Exposure to radio frequency radiation promotes cancerous tumors – http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X15003988
Myelin damage from chronic exposure to radio frequency radiation – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5247706/
Is myelin damaged by radio frequency radiation? – A review of studies – Australia, 2014 – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25205214
Potential harm from radio frequency radiation at very high frequencies (5G frequencies) – http://ehtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Yuri-Feldman-and-Paul-Ben-Ishai-Abstract.pdf (see study 10 for more links)
Article – Biological effects of non-ionizing radiation in animals – https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2024.2435329
Study – 900 MHz radio frequency radiation at 0.04 µW/cm² changed the direction and speed of white blood cells (within 2.5 minutes) – DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2007.912636
Article – A summary of the damage mechanisms of radio frequency radiation, and what makes its effects unique – https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1585441

#	Researcher, Year, country, published on	About the study	Bottom line and relevance —————————————–
1	SALFORD, Sweden, 2003, Environ Health Perspect. 2003 Jun; 111(7): 881–883.	Blood–Brain Barrier leakage (and nerve cell damage) after exposure to RFR PMCID: PMC1241519 – Nerve Cell Damage in Mammalian Brain after Exposure to Microwaves from GSM Mobile Phones Leif G. Salford,1 Arne E. Brun,2 Jacob L. Eberhardt,3 Lars Malmgren,4 and Bertil R. R. Persson3 1Department of Neurosurgery, 2Department of Neuropathology, 3Department of Medical Radiation Physics, and 4Department of Applied Electronics, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory and Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden Video lecture – http://youtu.be/E_WJ_aJPWIA In the picture above, on the left is the non-exposed brain, on the right side the exposed brain. More studies showing similar issues: An additional study of the same group – Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone. – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345073 Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endothelial cells: molecular mechanism for cancer- and blood-brain barrier-related effects Exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields activates the mkp-1/ERK pathway and causes blood-brain barrier damage and cognitive impairment in rats Effects of GSM modulated radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation on permeability of blood-brain barrier in male & female rats. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26723545	Relevant to cell phone use, and RF radiation exposure in general.
2	Henry Lai, USA, 1996 Int J Radiat Biol. 1996 Apr;69(4):513-21.	DNA Breaks after exposure to RF radiation In this study, Henry Lai showed that low level, non-thermal RF radiation in 2.45GHz (SAR level of 1.2W/Kg) caused DNA breaks. Study – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8627134 (PMID: 8627134) Lecture by Henry Lai – http://youtu.be/JrBjQJhHfzk In the picture above, on the right side DNA breaks by RF radiation, on the middle DNA breaks caused by X-Ray radiation, on the left side control long-term exposure caused hyperactivity and damage to the myelin Additinal studies that show DNA breaks due to EMF/EMR: DNA is a fractal antenna in electromagnetic fields – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21457072 Evidence of DNA breaks in the NTP study – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31633839 Induction of DNA strand breaks by intermittent exposure to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields in human diploid fibroblasts PMID: 12160887 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00109-2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12160887 Cognitive impairment and neurogenotoxic effects in rats exposed to low-intensity microwave radiation PMID: 25749756 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815574348 Cognitive impairment and neurogenotoxic effects in rats exposed to low-intensity microwave radiation PMID: 25749756 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815574348 Single-strand DNA breaks in human hair root cells exposed to mobile phone radiation PMID: 22348707 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.666005 Use of laptop computers connected to internet through Wi-Fi decreases human sperm motility and increases sperm DNA fragmentation Fertility and Sterility, 2011; 97, 39-45.e2 http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(11)02678-1/abstract 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress affects implantation or pregnancy in mice, Mus musculus PMID: 23334843 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0079-9 Immunohistopathologic demonstration of deleterious effects on growing rat testes of radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices PMID: 22465825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2012.02.015 Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones induced DNA damage in human ear canal hair follicle cells PMID: 29667447 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1463246 Impact of radiofrequency radiation on DNA damage and antioxidants in peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans residing in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations PMID: 28777669 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2017.1350584 Electromagnetic fields at a mobile phone frequency (900 MHz) trigger the onset of general stress response along with DNA modifications in Eisenia fetida earthworms PMID: 28665795 DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2928 Radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz)-induced DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in testicular germ cells in swiss albino mice PMID: 27738269 DOI: 10.1177/0748233716671206 The 2100MHz radiofrequency radiation of a 3G-mobile phone and the DNA oxidative damage in brain PMID: 26775761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.01.002 Does prolonged radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi devices induce DNA damage in various tissues of rats? PMID: 26775760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.01.003 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26775760 Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain PMID: 26511840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.10.009	DNA breaks caused by RF radiation from cell phones.
3	Josef Friedman, Rony Seger, 2007, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel (PMCID: PMC2267306)	Oxidative stress caused by RFR This study showed how low-level RF radiation creates ERK stress in cells and disruptions in communication between cells. Study – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17456048(PMCID: PMC2267306) Simillare study – Ukraine-USA-Brazil 2014 –http://www.scopemed.org/fulltextpdf.php?mno=154583 In the picture above, the way RF radiation causes oxidative stress in cells. Additional studies that show Oxidative stress due to EMF/EMR: Effects of electromagnetic fields exposure on the antioxidant defense system https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213879X17300731 Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields as effectors of cellular responses in vitro: possible immune cell activation PMID: 15352165 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20198 Activation of Signaling Cascades by Weak Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic https://doi.org/10.1159/000481977 Article history PubMed: 29035881 Is Human Saliva an Indicator of the Adverse Health Effects of Using Mobile Phones? https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.475 Cellular Phone Use and Risk of Benign and Malignant Parotid Gland Tumors—A Nationwide Case-Control Study , Siegal Sadetzki , at el https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm325 Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation Igor Yakymenko¹, Olexandr Tsybulin², Evgeniy Sidorik¹, Diane Henshel³, Olga Kyrylenko⁴, Sergiy Kyrylenko⁵ , PMID: 26151230 , DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1043557	All RF radiation exposure.
4	Martin Pall, USA, 2013 J Cell Mol Med. 2013 Aug; 17(8): 958–965. (PMCID: PMC3780531)	Health effect of RF radiation caused by activation of the VGCC In this article, Martin Pall shows how RFR cause health effects and damages in biological systems via the activation of the VGCC (Voltage Gated Calcium Channels). Study – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3780531/ (PMCID: PMC3780531) Video lecture – https://youtu.be/zf3ayl6c4Yw RFF via VGCC by Martin Pall	Exposure to low-level RFR
5	Nora D. Volkow, USA, 2011 JAMA. 2011;305(8):808-813. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.186	Effects of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Signal Exposure on Brain Glucose Metabolism In this study, Nora Volkow shows that RFR from a cell phone, in CDMA standard, has a clear effect on the brain. The study shows changes in glucose consumption levels in the brain as a result of exposure to RFR from the cell phone. The study – http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=645813 JAMA. 2011;305(8):808-813. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.186 In the picture above, on the left side is an exposed brain, while on the right side is a control.	Cell phone Radiation (CDMA) affects the brain
6	Clin Neurophysiol. 2014 Feb;125(2): CHINA	* a Team from China showed similar results in LTE 4G RFR – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24012322 277-86. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.07.018.Epub 2013 Sep 4. Full text – http://www.prlog.org/12215083-lte-cell-phone-radiation-affects-brain-activity-in-cell-phone-users.html	Cell phone Radiation (LTE) affects the brain
7	Alexander Lerchl and his team from Germany, 2015 Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Volume 459, Issue 4, 17 April 2015, Pages 585-590	Tumor promotion by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields below exposure limits for humans Tumor-promoting effects of RF-EMF exposed mice have been reported in a 2010 study. This team replicated the study with higher numbers of mice per group. The team was able to fully confirm the previous results, thus the effects are reproducible. Apparently, no clear dose-response relationship is evident.• The team hypothesizes that metabolic changes are responsible for the effects observed. Study – http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006291X15003988 (doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.151) About the study – http://www.microwavenews.com/news-center/rf-animal-cancer-promotion Original Study from 2010 – http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09553001003734501 In the picture above, the study results	RFR full body exposure from UMTS sources
8	A team from India, 2015 , Int J Toxicol. 2015 May-Jun;34(3):	Cognitive impairment and neuro genotoxic effects in rats exposed to low-intensity microwave radiation “The results showed a decline in cognitive function, elevated HSP70 levels, and DNA damage in the brain of microwave-exposed animals. The results indicated that chronic low-intensity microwave exposure in the frequency range of 900 to 2450 MHz may cause hazardous effects on the brain.” The study – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25749756?dopt=Abstract (PMID: 25749756 ) 284-90. doi: 10.1177/1091581815574348.Epub 2015 Mar 5.	Chronic exposure to low-level RFR
9	Team from Korea , 2017 Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 41129.Published online 2017 Jan 20	Long-term exposure to 835 MHz RF-EMF induces hyperactivity, autophagy, and demyelination in the cortical neurons of mice Study – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5247706/ doi: 10.1038/srep41129 RF-EMF induces hyperactivity, autophagy, and demyelination in the cortical neurons of mice Additional studies: Could myelin damage from radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure help explain the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity? A review of the evidence PMID: 25205214 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2014.923356	Long-term exposure caused hyperactivity and damage to the myelin
10	Israeli team, 2015	Potential Harm from Radio Frequency Radiation at Very High Frequencies (5G Frequencies) This research began as an applied study, in which physicists tried to use radio frequency radiation to measure subjects’ speed of movement and other parameters, by transmitting very high frequency radiation and measuring the reflections. During the experiments, the researchers began to report a stinging sensation in the irradiated areas of the body. Further tests revealed that the radiation heats the sweat ducts and sweat glands in the subjects’ skin to an extreme degree. In effect, the researchers “stumbled upon” a damage mechanism of radio frequency radiation at very high frequencies (above 90 GHz). It is quite possible that other organs and organelles in the body also respond to different frequencies because of their size and shape, which make them an ideal antenna for the transmitted radiation, even at lower frequencies. Potential Risks to Human Health Originating from Future Sub-MM Communication Systems – Yuri Feldman and Paul Ben-Ishai The researchers published several articles on the subject: http://ehtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Yuri-Feldman-and-Paul-Ben-Ishai-Abstract.pdf https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6395794 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8016593 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935118300331 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331357481_Human_sweat_ducts_as_helical_antennas_in_the_sub-THz_frequency_range-an_overview Tripathi, S., Miyata, E., Ishai, P. et al. Morphology of human sweat ducts observed by optical coherence tomography and their frequency of resonance in the terahertz frequency region. Sci Rep 5, 9071 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09071 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22170380 Human sweat ducts as helical antennas in the sub-THz frequency range – an overview, IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 11(2): 43–56, June 2018 DOI: 10.11906/TST.043-056.2018.06.05 (The researcher’s lecture at a conference in Jerusalem, 2017: https://youtu.be/VuVtGldYXK4 IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 11(2):43-56 DOI:10.11906/TST.043-056.2018.06.05 Structure of the sweat gland and duct within the skin	High-frequency radio frequency radiation can cause increased heat damage to organs and organelles whose size matches the wavelength.
11	British team, 2024	Biological Effects of Non-Ionizing Radiation in Animals In this article, the researchers review many life-science articles that identified mechanisms, organs and organelles in animals that are affected by non-ionizing radiation of various types and frequencies. The findings contradict the position of the standard-setting bodies, the World Health Organization and other denialists, that non-ionizing radiation has no biological effect at low levels. Exposure studies on electrosensitive people were conducted on the basic assumption that there is no biological effect, and without understanding these mechanisms, so many errors were made in them. Animals use these effects of natural radiation to navigate, find food and make decisions. Unnatural radiation can disrupt these mechanisms and processes, and harm the health and survival of animals. This is especially significant given that natural exposure levels are very low compared with man-made radiation. The article includes a quantitative estimate of natural exposure levels and of the growth in man-made exposure over the years of use of technologies that emit non-ionizing radiation (see figure below). Henshaw, D. L., & Philips, A. (2024). A mechanistic understanding of human magnetoreception validates the phenomenon of electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS). International Journal of Radiation Biology, 101(2), 186–204. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09553002.2024.2435329 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2435329 radiation exposure levels across the frequency spectrum, natural (green) and man-made (yellow, beige and red by year), the standards, and the growth in exposure over the years. Source: the article by Alasdair Philips.	There are a variety of mechanisms through which radiation affects animals.
12	American team, 2008	Radio Frequency Radiation Changed the Direction and Speed of White Blood Cells 900 MHz radio frequency radiation at a strength of 0.4 V/m (about 0.04 µW/cm²) changed the speed and direction of white blood cells (of the immune system) on their way to a site of infection. The change occurred within 2.5 minutes of exposure. The change was greater than that caused by raising the temperature to 40 degrees, so the cause of the change is not a rise in temperature. Aly AA, Cheema MI, Tambawala M, Laterza R, Zhou E, Rathnabharathi K, Barnes FS. Effects of 900-MHz radio frequencies on the chemotaxis of human neutrophils in vitro. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2008 Feb;55(2 Pt 1):795-7. PMID: 18270019 DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2007.912636 – .	Very low levels of radio frequency radiation disrupt the action of white blood cells in the immune system
13	A team of scientists from Greece, Ukraine and Australia, 2025	A Summary of the Damage Mechanisms of Radio Frequency Radiation, and What Makes Its Effects Unique The modulated, pulsed and constant signal of man-made radio frequency radiation is what causes the unique effects (oxidative stress and disruption of voltage-gated channels in the cell membrane) of radiation from wireless and mobile equipment and infrastructure. The article reviews the main damage mechanisms of radio frequency radiation: damage to DNA and to biological systems through oxidative stress, and disruption of voltage-gated ion channels in the cell membrane. These mechanisms cause the main effects of man-made radio frequency radiation (electrosensitivity, cancer, infertility and other diseases). The cause of these effects is the combination of: A microwave-frequency carrier wave Lower-frequency digital coding modulated onto it The stopping and starting of the transmission (pulsing) of the combined carrier wave (carrier + coding), which produces a signal that appears and disappears (starts and stops = pulses) tens to hundreds of thousands of times per second. This complex, pulsed and constant signal is what causes the unique effects of man-made radio frequency radiation. (My note: this is why laboratory studies that test only a carrier wave, or a synthetic wave, are not relevant and usually do not find effects.) A comprehensive mechanism of biological and health effects of anthropogenic extremely low frequency and wireless communication electromagnetic fields – Dimitris J. Panagopoulos, Igor Yakymenko, Geoffry N. De Iuliis, George P. Chrousos Frontiers in Public Health, Volume 13, 4 June 2025, Radiation and Health section https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1585441/full DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1585441	A constant, polarized radio frequency signal with coding modulated onto it causes the formation of free radicals and the disruption of voltage-gated ion channels in the cell membrane, which cause most of the health effects of man-made radio frequency radiation.